a. is larger than would be predicted from the amount of sunlight absorbed by the planets

        b. is smaller than would be predicted from the amount of sunlight absorbed by the planets

        d. indicates that these planets are comprised largely of ice

        e. is only indicative of their distances from the sun

4. The high level of motions and activity in Jupiter's atmosphere results from

    a. Stirring by comets and asteroids drawn into the planet

    b. Convection driven in part by the interior heat of the planet

    c. Chemical reactions that change the atmospheric pressure

    d. Gravitational effects from the inner Jovian moons

    e. effects of the planet's strong magnetic field

5. The low level of oxygen in Jupiter's atmosphere suggests that:

    a. oxygen was not abundant in the early, outer solar system

    b. the oxygen is all locked up in clouds

    c. oxygen escaped into space from Jupiter because of its low atomic weight

    d. Jupiter formed around a core that contains a large fraction of its oxygen

    e. Jupiter did not form life forms that released large amounts of oxygen

6. The poles and equator on Jupiter do not rotate at the same rate, implying that

    a. Jupiter is made of rocks

    b. Jupiter's visible surface is made of liquid or gas

    c. Jupiter has strong plate tectonics

    d. Jupiter's composition is like the earth's

    e. Jupiter's surface is covered with rivers

7. Some planets were able to retain their hydrogen and helium as they formed because

    a. they were smaller

    b. they were hotter

    c. they were denser

    d. they were cooler

    e. they were closer to the sun

8. Aurorae are seen around the Earth and Jupiter because

    a. both can attract particles from the sun

    b. both have oxygen atmospheres

    c. both have volcanoes

    d. both have strong gravitational fields

    e. both have strong magnetic fields

9. Landing a spacecraft on Jupiter would be challenging because

    a. the land is very mountainous

    b. parachutes do not work well in Jupiter's atmosphere

    d. the materials in the clouds of Jupiter are highly poisonous

    e. landing would be easy given the right instrumentation and controls

        a. Earth          b. Mars         c. Jupiter         d. Mercury          e. Venus

11. Uranus is very similar to

        a. Venus          b. Jupiter         c. Neptune         d. Pluto          e. all of these

12. Moons that come too close to a planet

        a. will disintegrate          b. will heat up          c. will have magnetic fields

        d. will gain mass             e. will sweep up some of the planet's atmosphere

13. Rings around planets

        a. are leftover from the planet's formation          b. are comprised of gas

        c. are due to strong magnetic fields                    d. are common around terrestrial planets

        e. are common around giant planets

14. Prior to the Cassini mission, we had not made a good map of the surface features on Titan because

        a. it has a relatively opaque atmosphere         b. its surface is liquid

        c. it is so far away          d. it is so icy         e. we can't see it from Earth

15. The densest of Jupiter's large moons are found

        a. far from Jupiter         b. close to Jupiter      c. in retrograde orbits          d. in highly elliptical orbits

        e. distributed throughout the Jovian moon system

16. This moon of Jupiter has a relatively smooth icy surface suggesting an underlying ocean.

        a. Ganymede          b. Amalthea         c. Europa         d. Io         e. Callisto

17. Volcanoes may occur on a moon because of

        a. tidal heating                 b. sunlight reflecting off a giant planet          c. collisional heating by meteors

        d. icy compositions         e. all of the above

18. The rings of Saturn are made of

    a. a solid platter of material that orbits like a wagon wheel

    b. small particles largely of ice

    c. dark sooty particles

    d. magnetic needles that align to reflect the sunlight efficiently

    e. we have little idea

19. Now that Huygens has landed on Titan, we see that its surface

    a. is home to a special breed of cats

    b. is entirely covered with liquid

    c. has drainage channels that look a bit like arroyos

    d. is highly volcanic

    e. is so covered with mist we still have not seen it

20. Gaps and sharp edges in Saturn's rings are caused by

    a. gravitational effects of the planet's moons

    b. places where large ring particles orbit and clear out the small ones

    c. the rings just formed that way and have not had time to change

    d. changes in the composition of the ring particles

    e. we haven't been able to figure out the cause

21. Pluto's atmosphere

        a. does not exist                  b. freezes on Pluto's surface when it is far from the sun

        c. is made of oxygen          d. is like that of Venus          e. escaped long ago

22. A key ingredient in discovering Pluto was

        a. fly-by mission                                         b. comparison of photographs taken at different times

        c. use of modern electronic detectors          d. Kepler's Third Law          e. using a computer

23.  The New Horizons spacecraft revealed that Pluto

         a. has a surface like a smooth ball             b.   has no atmosphere

        c. has surprisginly complex surface            d.   resembles Venus

24. We have determined the surface compositions of asteroids by

        a. finding pieces of them on the ground          b. studying spectra of sunlight reflected from them

        c. monitoring their motions                          d. seeing what happens when they collide          e. both a. and b.

25. Comets originate

        a. from cloud surrounding the Solar System         b. from the asteroid belt

        c. from Jupiter              d. from the sun               e. from icy moons

26. Pluto is likely one of the largest members of

        a. the Oort cloud              b. the asteroid belt            c.the meteor belt              d. the Kuiper belt         e. the comet zone

27. A meteor shower results when

        a. the earth passes through the asteroid belt              b. the earth passes through the Kuiper belt

        c. the earth passes through the remnants of a comet              d. the sun erupts              e. two asteroids collide

28. Comets are comprised mainly of

        a. ice              b. rocks              c. gas              d. hydrogen             e. materials like earth's crust

29. If all the asteroids in the asteroid belt were assembled into a planet, it would be

        a. 1 Earth mass.         b. less than 1/1,000 of Earth's mass          c. 10 Earth masses              d. 50% of Earth's mass

30. No full-sized planet formed between Mars and Jupiter because

    a. there wasn't room

    b. the material available had the wrong mix of elements to make a planet

    c. forming planets is pretty chancy and it just didn't happen

    d. Jupiter's gravity kept stirring things up so no large object was safe from big collisions

    e. it would have contradicted Bode's Law

31. A star may be a variable star because

     a. it alternately expands and contracts             b. planets fall into it and block the light

     c. it makes more or less dust              d. its mass changes

     e. stars don't vary

   a. was important philosophically because the topics touched on our place in the Universe

   b. was decisively won by Shapley

   c. was decisively won by Curtis

   d. was an argument about the role of star formation in affecting our view of the cosmos

   e. had to do with the superiority of Harvard College Observatory

   a. we sent a spaceship to them

   b. the new 100-inch telescope was used to resolve some of them into stars

   c. from spectra that showed they had emission lines like the ones from the Milky Way

   d. because they avoid the plane of the Milky Way

   e. maps of the Milky Way in the HI line showed it to have spiral arms too

   a. they let us calibrate parallax measurements

   b. they help address the philosophical questions about our place in the Universe and how it is built

   c. they show us which galaxies are coming toward us

   d. they identify which galaxies are associated with each other in space

   e. they tell us where to look to find stars with planetary systems

35. Galaxy distances are determined

    a. just by using Cepheid variables

    b. by measuring supernovae

    c. with parallax

    d. using the cosmic redshift

    e. by a large variety of techniques that have to be used together, depending on the circumstances

36. Distance measurements to the galaxies around us show that

    a. the Milky Way is isolated in space

    b. the Milky Way belongs to a group of only three galaxies, including M31 and M33  

    c. the Milky Way is part of a galaxy group in which it and M31 are surrounded by many small galaxies

    d. we are moving rapidly toward a certain point in space, leaving the nearby galaxies behind

    e. the Milky Way is orbiting M31, and we see its projected position move relative to background galaxies

37. The biggest change in our view of our place in the Universe compared with the view 100 years ago is

        a. then, we thought that the "Universe" was just the Milky Way

        b. then, we believed the earth was at center of the solar system

        c. then, we believed we were off at one edge of the Milky Way

        d. then, we believed tha Milky Way was less than 10,000 years old, from the accounts of years in the Bible

        e. then, we thought stars made their energy by chemical burning

38. What technical breakthough was revolutionizing astronomy 100 years ago?

        a. invention of the telescope

        b. the first mechanical calculators

        c. photography began to be used in astronomy

        d. accurate micrometers were introduced to measure double stars

        e. radio astronomy became widely applied

39. In the early 1900's it became possible to measure large numbers of RR Lyrae and Cepheid variables in the nearest galaxies because

        a. telescopes were built larger than ever before

        b. telescopes were put at high mountain sites for the first time

        c. the first observatories were built in the southern hemisphere

        d. photographic plates were used, letting thousands of stars be measures to very faint levels all together

        e. the first electronic detectors were introduced

40. We know about dark matter

   a. because it blocks our view in certain directions

   b. because it can be seen in other galaxies but not in the Milky Way

   c. because black holes left by massive stars are sometimes visible in the X-ray

   d. from the rotation curves of galaxies that show mass outside the region of stars

   e. because the planets seem to orbit the sun faster than the mass of the sun alone would require

   a. the encircled mass increases so fast that gravity increases with radius

   b. the stars are exploding outwards from the center, thus showing the high speeds 

   c. most of a galaxy's mass is in the center

   d. because the center rotates like a rigid wheel or Merry-Go-Round

   e. because of the effects of active galaxy nuclei

   a. inner disk stars orbit faster than the mass due to stars and gas can explain

   b. infrared telescopes detect mass beyond the galaxy disks

   c. the stellar mass distribution does not account for the rotation curve of the galaxies

   d. disk stars orbit faster than stars in the galactic centers

   e. regions outside the disks obscure the light of galaxies behind them

   a. practically all the mass of the galaxy is within the radius where the curve flattens out

   b. where the curve is flat, the encircled mass increases with increasing distance from the center

   c. Newton's law of gravity is wrong

   d. there is a supermassive black hole at the center of the galaxy

   e. the galaxy is still in the process of forming

44. We think that either dark matter is in the form of low mass brown dwarfs and wandering planets, or

     a. Newton's Law of gravitation is wrong

     b. the Universe is filled with an undetected type of nuclear particle

     c. the galaxy rotation curves are distorted

     d. we are overestimating the accuracy of the velocity measurements in galaxies

     e. the spectral lines suffer graviational redshift due to Einstein's law of relativity

45. Most of the mass of the Milky Way is

        a. in its stars

        b. in the supermassive black hole in its center

        c. in the interstellar gas

        d. in a.) through c.)

        e. in the form of dark matter

46. The discovery of large amounts of dark matter outside the visible diameter of galaxies is consistent with

        a. the active nuclei arising from nuclear black holes

        b. the necessity for galaxies to be larger than they appear to account for their high collision rate in the early Universe

        c. the presence of globular clusters in the halo of the Milky Way

        d. ongoing star formation we see at the fringes of the Milky Way

        e. the dimming of background galaxies near large, nearby galaxies like Andromeda

47. Galaxies are distributed

   a. uniformly through space   

   b. in vast sheets and filaments that make a structure a little like soap bubbles

   c. in clusters and groups

   d. in rings around the Milky Way    

   e. both b. and c.

48. The mass of a cluster of galaxies

    a. is entirely from its galaxy members

    b. includes a significant part from very hot gas and even more from dark matter  

    c. results in broadening the spectral lines from active nuclei in the cluster

    d. causes the cluster to glow all over as things fall into it

    e. makes the emission lines of the galaxies in the cluster shift wavelength significantly due to relativity

49. Gravitational lensing

    a. is being built in to the next generation of digital cameras

    b. produces peculiar arc-like images of galaxies at high redshift behind massive galaxy clusters 

    c. is useful for studying planets that pass in front of the sun>

    d. was a surprise discovery not predicted by Einstein's theories of relativity

    e. changes the color of the objects lensed

50. The large-scale distribution of the galaxies in space is a result of

   a. the structure of the early Universe

    b. galaxies of similar types tending to clump together

    c. the gravitational attraction of great black holes that attract galaxies to their vicinity

    d. that galaxies tend to slow each other down when they pass closely, making them tend to concentrate together

    e. galaxies are fairly uniformly distributed, but intergalactic dust clouds hide aome of them and make the distribution look clumpy

51. Gravitational lenses in galaxy clusters are used

    a. to search for distant planets

    b. to study the theory of relativity

    c. to improve our determination of Hubble's Law

    d. to confirm that the clusters have huge amounts of dark matter

    e. to get a better view of the Big Bang

52. The central galaxies of dense clusters are

        a. similar to the other cluster members

        b. massive spirals that attracted the rest of the cluster galaxies around them

        c. virtually always with active nuclei because gas from the cluster is falling in

        d. massive ellipticals that result from many mergers with smaller cluster members

        e. galaxies with immense tidal tails and other indications of interactions

   a. they mark where the dust is thin and we can see the stars better

   b. they show where young and bright stars have formed

   c. they represent bright blobs that have been wound into the spiral shape by the galaxy rotation

   d. Population III stars make them bright

   e. they mark where material has been ejected by the nucleus

   a. show a sequence that evolves with age from one to the other

   b. include spirals, ellipticals, and irregulars

   c. are a result of different distances to them and the resulting limits to the amount of detail we can see

   d. are only apparent in the visible spectral range

   e. show they are made of different types of matter

   a. barred spiral galaxy

   b. elliptical galaxy

   c. irregular galaxy

   d. Sa galaxy

   e. we do not have much idea of what type it is

   a. the visible and near infrared

   b. the ultraviolet and far infrared

   c. the X-ray and ultraviolet

   d. the radio and gamma ray

   e. the visible and X-ray

   a. just like those near us

   b. seem to be smaller and younger than typical ones near us

   c. are mostly elliptical galaxies

   d. are prominent because of their radio emission

   e. all have active nuclei

58. Galaxies come

        a. in a chaotic, bewildering variety of shapes

        b. always in the same shape - but they look different to us because we view them at different angles

        c. in a limited number of shapes that we can describe in systematic ways

        d. in different shapes depending on what kind of material makes them up

        e. in different shapes depending on whether they have an active nucleus

59. We study galaxies at very high redshift to

        a. see how far away we can see

        b. determine how galaxies form and evolve to ones like ours

        c. look for active nuclei

        d. to see them smash into each other

        e. to probe the earliest stages in the evolution of the Universe

60. In very deep images that let us detect very distant and hence young galaxies, we find them to be

        a. very similar to nearby ones

        b. generally to be smaller and with less regular structure compared with nearby ones

        c. mostly to be ellipticals since bulges formed first

        d. all very obscured by the dust in their interstellar matter

        e. we cannot get a good enough sense of their nature to describe them well

   a. It glows brightly

   b. Shapley found it

   c. from Newton's and Kepler's laws

   d. because we see a dark spot where it bends the light away

   e. because we have seen things get sucked into it

   a. it quickly disappears from sight

   b. great amounts of energy can be released

   c. it passes out into another Universe

   d. it takes an unfamiliar form

   e. its light shifts to the blue

   a. the geometry of motions sets up an optical illusion

   b. matter falls into a black hole

   c. there is such a violent explosion that pieces are expelled faster than light

   d. Einstein's laws are broken

   e. neutrinos are accelerated to a very high speed

   a. their emission lines were at peculiar wavelengths

   b. they were radio sources

   c. they varied rapidly

   d. they were very luminous

   e. they looked like stars

   a. bright and broad emission lines 

   b. radio jets emerging from the nucleus

   c. a bright source that varies rapidly

   d. strong X-ray emission

   e. all of the above

   a. matter falling into a very massive black hole

   b. lots of star formation

   c. energy left over from when the galaxy formed

   d. radio jets extending out into space

   e. galaxy mergers

   a. that is the only way to account for their apparent superluminal motions

   b. that is how they can get so far from the galaxy

   c. we measure extreme Doppler shifts in their emission lines

  d. it accounts for their prominence in the radio region

  e. both a. and d.

     a. a dark spot projected against the starlight of the galaxy

     b. a tight knot of stars being sucked into the gravitational field of the black hole

     c. lensing of background galaxies behind the nucleus

     d. distortions in the shape of the galaxy due to the large gravitational field

     e. very large Doppler shifts in the spectra of stars close to the center of the galaxy

        a. they are exploding

        b. they are moving very fast

        c. the nuclear sources are very small

        d. stars are blowing up in these regions

         e. the apparent variability is an effect of gravitational lensing

70. The clearest evidence that quasars are at great distance is

    a. their small parallaxes

    b. that they lie in the centers of galaxies that are at large distances

    c. that their emission lines are shifted to the red

    d. that they vary rapidly

    e. the faintness of the Cepheid variables in them

71. In comparison with the black holes in some other galaxies, the one in the Galactic Center is curious because

        a. it is far less massive

        b. it is harder to study in any detail

        c. it seems to be making very little energy

        d. it occasionally has a huge outburst

        e. it is spinning rapidly

72. The Galactic Center was hidden from astronomers for many years because

        a. it only emits in the radio and infrared

        b. it is a very diffuse region that is hard to pinpoint

        c. there were looking in the wrong places

        d. the Milky Way has a peculiar, atypical structure that made it hard to find

        e. it is hidden in the visible by clouds of interstellar dust

73. A black hole can glow in an active nucleus when

        a. light escapes from within the event horizon

        b. it lenses the light from objects behind it

        c. friction heats matter falling into it to very high temperature

        d. a pulsation in its gravitational field lets light out

        e. it draws many stars into a tight knot around it

74. When galaxies collide

   a. they explode

   b. they pass right through each other with no other consequences

   c. they tend to merge into a single galaxy

   d. there is a loud noise

   e. this happens so seldom we do not have a good idea of what happens

   a. are full of bursting stars

   b. are usually ellipticals

   c. were identified through clusters of stars bursting out from them

   d. are forming massive stars rapidly and in exceptionally large numbers

   e. have less dark matter than other galaxies

76. Our own galaxy

    a. is "safe" from colliding with other galaxies for the foreseeable future

    b. is pulling apart some nearby galaxies and will eventually consume them

    c. is being pulled apart by the Andromeda Galaxy

    d. is highly distorted due to a very recent collision with a large galaxy

    e. we cannot tell if it is undergoing a collision with a galaxy because of the obscuration by interstellar dust

77. Spiral arms are

    a. where the dust in a galaxy is thin enough that we can see the stars better

    b. where stars from galaxies that have recently collided are spiraling into the center

    c. where stars tend to form

    d. the result of ejections from spinning black holes in galaxy nuclei

    e. a mystery to astronomers

78. Galaxies can merge when

    a. They fall into a black hole

    b. They collide with each other and their stars combine into binaries

    c. They collide and much of their kinetic energy is transfered to stars that are thrown out into space

    d.  Their interstellar clouds join together to make a new galaxy

    e.  One of them accretes another.

79. Ring-shaped galaxies and galaxies with tails of stars are evidence for

    a. galaxies forming from intergalactic matter

    b. nuclear activity in galaxies

    c. explosions across the face of previously normal galaxies

    d. galaxies taking part in the expansion of the Universe

    e. galaxy collisions

80. Star formation

    a. occurs equally at all places in the disks of spiral galaxies

    b. tends to be enhanced where peaks in the local density compress the molecular clouds

    c. occurs wherever there is atomic hydrogen

    d. occurs where halo stars collide with the disk

    e. occurs in formations that spread into spiral arms due to the flat rotation curves of these galaxies

81. Galaxy collisions can

        a. trigger high rates of star formation

        b. perturb the planets orbiting stars in the colliding galaxies

        c. drag most of the interstellar gas of the galaxies out of them

        d. destroy the bulges of the galaxies

        e. tear the galaxies apart so there is nothing left

82.  The asteroid Ceres which has some highy reflective white spots is spherical in shape because

       a. gravity pulled it into a  round shape

       b. the white salt deposits cause its shape

       c. all Solar system objects are round

       d.  of the gravitational influence of Jupiter