15.5 Jupiter
15.5.1 Size compared with other planets, nature of the interior and "surface"
15.5.2 Internal energy and its effect on weather
15.5.3 Jupiter's magnetic field and what it tells us about the inside of the planet
15.5.4 What the surface of Jupiter is like
15.6 Saturn, Uranus, Neptune
15.6.1 Similarities and differences in internal structure between Saturn and Jupiter
15.6.2 How the internal structures of Uranus and Neptune differ from Jupiter and Saturn, and why
16. Smaller members of the solar system
16.1 Jupiter's moons
16.1.1 Io characteristics
16.1.2 Europa characteristics
16.1.3 Ganymede, Callisto, trend in properties with distance from Jupiter
16.2 Outer planet moons
16.2.1 Titan unique characteristics
16.2.2 Triton unique characteristics
16.2.3 Composition of smaller moons
16.3 How rings are formed
16.4 Pluto
16.4.1 How it was discovered
16.4.2 Relation of Pluto to system of small icy objects in outer solar system
16.4.3 Discoveries by the New Horizons Space Craft
16.5 Solar system debris
16.5.1 Four major types (list)
16.5.2 Asteroids
16.5.2.1 Why they didn't form into a planet
16.5.2.2 What they are made of
16.5.3 Meteors - where they come from, what they are made of
16.5.4 Comets
16.5.4.1 How they are different from asteroids
16.5.4.2 Where they come from, how they get into the inner solar system
16.5.5 Kuiper Belt - what it is
17.1 Other galaxies
17.1.1 Why wasn’t it obvious that there are other galaxies?
17.1.2 Why was it an important question?
17.1.3 How was the question settled? Roles of Curtis, Hubble, and advances in technology
17.1..4 How are distances to galaxies measured?
17.1.4.1 What is the Local Group?
17.1.4.2. What is the galaxy distance ladder? What are the most critical steps on the ladder?
18. Galaxy Characteristics
18.1 Galaxy types
18.1.1 What are the three main types of galaxies?
18.1.2 What parts of a spiral galaxy are seen at different wavelengths?
18.1.3 How are the most distant galaxies different from nearby ones? Why?
18.3.6. Dark Matter and Dark Energy
18.3.6.1 Why do we think spiral galaxies contain a lot of dark matter?
18.3.6.1.1 Where is it within the galaxy?
18.3.6.1.2 What is the dark matter thought to be?
18.3.6.2 What is the evidence for Dark Energy?
18.3.6.2.1 What fraction of the mass budget of the Universe is filled with baryons? With Dark Energy?
18.3.6.2.2 What is Dark Energy? How well do we understand it?
18.3.7 Distribution of galaxies in space
18.3.7.1 What are groups, clusters?
18.3.7.2 What is the overall large scale distribution of galaxies like? How does it relate to galaxy formation?
18.3.7.3 What is gravitational lensing? How does it work? What can we learn from it?
19.1 Spiral arms in galaxies
19.1.1 What marks spiral arms to make them bright?
19.1.2 How do they form?
19.1.2.1 Density wave theory
19.1.2.2 Sequential star formation
19.2 Mergers and starbursts
19.2.1 Do galaxies collide? What happens to them when they do?
19.2.2 What is a starburst?
19.2.3 How do the stars in a galaxy and its central black hole appear to be linked?
19.3 The center of the Milky Way
19.3.1 Why is it important?
19.3.2 What accounts for most of the energy from the Galactic Center?
19.3.3 Why do we believe there is a supermassive black hole there?
19.4 Active Galactic Nuclei
19.4.1 What powers an active galaxy nucleus (AGN)?
19.4.2 What are the observed consequences from an AGN?
19.4.2.1 Strange emission line properties
19.4.2.2 X-ray, radio emission
19.4.2.3 Variability – and what it means
19.4.2.4 Jets, what they are
19.4.2.5 Faster-than-light motions – what causes them
19.4.3 What is a quasar? How were they discovered?
19.4.4 Why are AGNs important?